[Aging foot syndrome: patients screening and routing.]

The article proves that when providing medical and social care to patients of older age groups, it is advisable to pay attention not only to the patients' somatic and geriatric status, but also to perform screening of local geriatric syndromes that affect the patients' functional status, such as, in particular, aging foot syndrome. Implementation of rehabilitation treatment measures that we propose allows to maintain the patients' mobility level and consequently their general functional capability level and quality of life.

[Effect of pharmacotherapy on collagen metabolism in patients with heart failure with middle range ejection fraction of senile age.]

Of particular interest is the study of the mechanisms of development of chronic heart failure, especially with middle range ejection fraction (HFmrEF). In conditions of HF, the significance of the development of myocardial fibrosis increases many times, leading to irreversible dysfunction, which contributes to the further progression of HF. Atrial fibrillation is an additional factor contributing to systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of beta-blockers on changes in fibrosis markers in senile patients with HF, including those with AF. 104 patients with HF, coronary disease of functional class II were examined according to the classification of NYHA, the average age was 78,4±3,2 years. After 12 months, we found a significant decrease in the level of matrix metalloproteinase-type 1, -type 9 (MMP-1, MMP-9), tissue inhibitor MMP-1 (TIMP-1), as well as the ratio of MMP-1/TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1 in senile patients with HF, including those with atrial fibrillation who took nebivolol as a beta-blocker. While in patients who took bisoprolol, no significant changes in the studied parameters were detected (except for MMP-9). Changes in collagen metabolism cause the restoration of myocardial function after therapy with the beta-blocker nebivolol in patients with chronic heart failure with an middle range ejection fraction, including atrial fibrillation. Serum markers of collagen turnover can serve as a non-invasive method for documenting and monitoring both the degree and mechanisms of myocardial fibrosis in patients with HF, coronary disease, including in the presence of AF.

[Comparative analysis of cytogenetic examination of control groups of subjects carried out in different Russian laboratories].

The incidence of unstable chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from unirradiated control subjects was analyzed using cytogenetic data obtained from 9 cytogenetic laboratories located in Moscow, St.-Petersburg, Obninsk, and Dubna (Russia). The objective of this study was to estimate the level and spectrum of spontaneous chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes. 1140 blood samples were taken from 1112 subjects (594 men and 546 women) aged 1 to 72. The total metaphase number was 466795. The uniform Giemsa method for peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures was used. After counting 466795 metaphases, 4288 chromosomal aberrations of various types were classified. The most frequent types of aberrations were acentrics and chromatid deletions. They made up 90% of the total number of aberrations. The remaining 10% were exchange aberrations. The number of chromosome exchanges (dicentrics and centric rings) was twice the number of chromatid exchanges. Overall, the portion ofcells with chromosomal or (and) chromatid aberrations was 0.89 +/- 0.01%; the frequency of acentrics was 0.29 +/- 0.01; the frequency of dicentrics was 0.046 +/- 0.003; the frequency of unstable chromosome aberrations was 0.35 +/- 0.01; and the frequency of chromatid aberrations was 0.57 +/- 0.01 per 100 cells.

[The analysis of chromosome lesions in lymphocytes of Hodgkin's lymphoma patients after chemotherapy and radiation therapy].

The analysis of chromosome lesions in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients after chemotherapy and chemotherapy with the subsequent course of radiation therapy is carried out. Is shown, that the mean aberration frequency was significantly higher in HL patients after chemotherapy (7.20 +/- 0.58 per 100 metaphases) than in non-treated HL patients (4.80 +/- 0.54, p < 0.01). The subsequent carrying out of radiation therapy enlarges number of chromosome aberrations on 100 metaphases up to 46.7 +/- 10.7 (p < 0.05), of which chromosome-type aberrations (43.2 +/- 10.3 on 100 metaphases) averaged 92.5%. In lymphocytes of 37 out of 43 HL antitumoral treatment patients, we found, in addition to ordinary aberrant cells, a large number of multiaberrant (MA-cells) cells, i.e. metaphases carrying multiple (at least four) chromosome-type exchange aberrations. In 30 non-treated HL patients only one MA-cell was found. From 171 MA-cells which were in 43 HL patients after antitumoral treatment, 114 MA-cells were found at inspection of 9766 diploid metaphases, and the remaining 57 MA-cells were found at inspection of 196 polyploid metaphases. The carrying out after chemotherapy of radiation therapy enlarges in lymphocytes frequency of appearance of MA-cells. The analysis of MA-cells in diploid and polyploid metaphases shown, that the MA-cells could be formed both in vivo, and in vitro in absence of influence of clastogenic factors, and could survive at least two rounds of in vitro replication.

[The analysis of genomic mutations and structural chromosome aberrations in irradiated human lymphocytes].

The lymphocytes of healthy donors were exposed to 60Co gamma-rays in doses ranging 0.5 to 6.0 Gy, and were incubated with PHA and 5-bromodeoxyuridine at 37 degrees C for 72 h. In the course of five consecutive in vitro divisions of cultured lymphocytes, the frequency of polyploid metaphases were determined, and chromosome structural aberrations in polyploid and diploid metaphases were analyzed. Dose dependence of polyploid formation was investigated, and patterns of polyploid cells were analyzed at various DNA replication cycles post exposure and 5-bromodeoxyuridine addition. Radiation is most effective induces of polyploid metaphase of the second and of the third mitotic divisions. In metaphases of the fourth mitotic divisions radiation does not enlarge authentically frequency of polyploid cells. In metaphases of the fifth divisions was not retrieved of polyploid cells. Was shown, that 84.8% of polyploid metaphases compound of tetraploids, while of octoploids and the cells with endoreduplicated chromosomes compound, accordingly, 8.4 and 6.8%. The analysis of chromosome aberrations have shown that the percentage of aberrant cells was higher in polyploid metaphases than in diploids, which indicated that chromosome lesions were involved in formation of polyploid metaphases.

[Action of mixed gamma-neutron radiation with various dose rates on the number of cells in thymus and chromosomes of mice bone marrow and human lymphocytes].

The irradiation with mixed gamma-neutron radiation was carried out at the pulse nuclear reactor on fast neutrons BARS-6 in a regimen of one pulse (100 micros) and in a regimen of continuous irradiation during 60 minutes. Was shown, that the irradiation of mice with pulse radiation was 1.3-1.8 times more effective in the induction of the chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells in comparison with the continuous regimen of irradiation. At the same time, other biological tests (yield of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes, decreasing the number of cells in thymus) demonstrated that pulsed and continuous regimens have almost equal biological effectiveness.

[The genome instability in the descendants of the Chinese hamster of the cells, irradiated by the low dose and by various intensities of gamma-radiation].

The V-79 Chinese hamster cells were irradiated by gamma-rays in dose of 0.5 Gy at powers of doses 0.48 Gy/min (an acute irradiation) and 0.0485 MGy/min (a prolonged irradiation). The acute and prolonged irradiation in a dose of 0.5 Gy enlarges frequency of the appearance of micronucleus (MN). Subsequent cultivation of the irradiated cells during 20 generations enlarges frequency of MN, and for prolonged an irradiation the boosted frequency of MN, is saved during 40-60 generations. After an acute irradiation the number of MN starts to reduce after 20 doublings.

[Radioprotective and antistressful properties of nitric oxide production modulators].

The radioprotective and antistressful activities of L-arginine and the "Pronumol" preparation, in which L-arginine is contained in the complex of proteins with nucleic acids, were studied. In mice repeated peroral intake of L-arginine and "Pronumol" partially prevented radiation-induced and stress-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA degradation in thymus, increased hemopoietic stem cell survival, and prevented an increase in chromosome aberration frequency in bone marrow cells of irradiated mice. When repeatedly administered per os before irradiation, "Pronumol" increased survival of intestinal stem cells in irradiated mice and prevented thymus cell devastation induced by radiation and stress.

[Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes at a various duration of cultivation after irradiation]. / Aberratsii khromosom v limfotsitakh cheloveka pri razlichnoi prodolzhitel'nosti kul'tivirovaniia posle oblucheniia.

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to 60Co gamma-rays (a dose of 3 Gy) and cultivated during seven days in the presence of PHA and BrdU. It was shown that the metaphases of the first and second mitosises occurred during cultivation of the irradiated and unirradiated lymphocytes, being evidence about of irregularity of the coming into division of various fractions of lymphocytes. The time of cultivation did not influence a rate of aberrations in metaphases of the first and second mitosises of the irradiated lymphocytes. During the first and the subsequent mitosises the number of exchange chromosome aberrations decreased and reached a control level in metaphases of the fourth and fifth mitosises. The number of paired fragments at second and third mitosises increased a little and started to decrease only in metaphases of the fourth and fifth mitosises. The decrease in chromosome aberrations with prolongation of the cultivation of lymphocytes after irradiating is a consequence of elimination of cells with chromosome damages during sequential mitotic divisions.

Cytogenetic adaptive response in cultured human lymphocytes: dependence on the time of exposure to adapting and challenging doses of gamma-rays.

Human lymphocytes from 16 healthy donors were exposed in vitro to an adapting dose of gamma-rays (0.05 Gy) at G0, or G1, or G1/S stage of the cell cycle and subsequently to a challenging dose of gamma-rays at G1, or G1/S, or S (1 Gy), or G2 (0.5 Gy) stage. Frequencies and distributions of the induced chromosome aberrations were analyzed in first-division metaphases. The data averaged over the donors revealed the protective action of the adapting exposure under the irradiation schemes with the challenging dose delivered at S or G2 stage. The majority of aberrations induced at these stages belonged to the chromatid type, and their yield was significantly higher in G2-exposed cells than in S-exposed cells. However, the relative reduction of the challenging dose effect (about 34%) in the adapted cells did not depend on the magnitude of this effect, and its value remained the same (within the experimental error) if aberrations were subdivided into chromosome and chromatid types or grouped as total deletions and total fragments. The adaptive response was not revealed under the schemes with the challenging dose delivered at G1 or G1/S stage. Analysis of the individual results showed that, in one and the same donor, the adaptive response could be observed under one irradiation scheme and not observed under other schemes, the most effective schemes being those with the challenging dose delivered at G2 stage. Four donors, however, did not show the adaptive response even under such schemes. Data on aberration distributions suggested that different repair processes, rather than a unique one, may underlie the adaptive response.

[An analysis of the cellular distribution of chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes after a single irradiation and under conditions of preliminary adaptive exposure]. / Analiz raspredeleniia po kletkam aberratsii khromosom, indutsirovannykh v limfotsitakh cheloveka posle odnokratnogo oblucheniia i v usloviiakh prevaritel'nogo adaptiruiushchego vozdeistviia.

Irradiation by an adaptive dose 0.05 Gy at the G0 stage decreased the number of chromosome aberrations induced in lymphocytes by a challenge dose 0.5 Gy at the G2 stage. Adaptive response was not observed at the G1 stage, when the cells were exposed to adaptive dose 0.05 Gy and challenge dose 1.0 Gy respectively after 24 h and 29 h incubation with PHA. In lymphocytes exposed to 1.0 Gy at the G1 stage, cellular distribution of chromosomal aberrations followed the Poisson distribution, while in lymphocytes exposed to 0.5 Gy at the G2 stage, the distribution of aberrations differed from the Poisson distribution and was nearer to the degenerated Poisson distribution. The adaptive dose 0.05 Gy did not alter the distribution of chromosome aberrations induced by the challenge dose at the G1 or the G2 stages. The role of independent and whole-cellular repair in the formation of chromosome and chromatid aberration is discussed.

[The cytogenetic analysis of the adaptive response in the lymphocytes of donors living in areas with different levels of radioactive contamination]. / Tsitogeneticheskii analiz adaptivnogo otveta u limfotsitov donorov, prozhivaiushchikh na territoriiakh s razlichnym urovnem radioaktivnogo zagriazneniia.

The adaptive response was studied in peripheral lymphocytes of healthy donors residing at territories with various levels of radioactive contamination. For donors from a clean territory (the town of Obninsk), the adaptive response depended on the cell cycle stage at which lymphocytes had been exposed to adaptive and challenge doses. The most expressed adaptive response was observed if lymphocytes had been exposed to the adaptive dose 0.05 Gy at G0 or G1 stage and to the challenge dose 0.5 Gy at G2 stage. Lymphocytes of donors from a contaminated territory (the town of Novozybkov) did not show an adaptive response in the conditions described above.

[A cytogenetic analysis of the combined action of pesticides and irradiation on human lymphocytes]. / Tsitogeneticheskii analiz sochetannogo deistviia pestitsidov i oblucheniia na limfotsity cheloveka.

The efficiency of the combined action of pesticides and irradiation at the G(o) stage was studied in cultured human lymphocytes. Carbophos (malathion) increased the yield of chromosome and chromatid fragments in irradiated lymphocytes. Herbicide 2,4-D (dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) raised lymphocyte radiosensitivity by increasing the yield of chromosome type aberrations; the radiosensitizing effect of the herbicide decreased as its concentration increased.

Critical periods of the mitotic cycle: influence of aminopterin and thymidine on production of chromosomal aberrations by radiation in Crepis capillaris.

The influence of aminopterin (AP), tritiated thymidine ([3H] TdR) and "cold" thymidine (TdR) on production of chromosomal aberrations in meristematic cells of Crepis capillaris irradiated in different stages of the mitotic cycle with 300 rad of 63Co gamma-rays was studied. All the chemical treatments increased most of all the frequency of aberrations induced during two "critical periods" localized before the stage of DNA synthesis (fixation 9 h after irradiation) and before that of mitosis (4 h). Treatments with TdR and [3H]TdR increased most of all the frequency of chromatid aberrations when irradiation was performed in G1, and the frequency of gaps when irradiated in G2. Treatment with AP increased the yield of different types of aberration more uniformly. The modifying effect of the chemicals tested appeared to be independent of replicative synthesis. The "critical periods" are suggested to be the stages when regular "proof reading" and correction of spontaneous errors takes place [9,13]. In addition to this regular mechanism, radiation induces an "emergency" mechanism of repair. AP inhibits the mechanism of regular repair; in addition TdR and [3H] TdR suppress the lateral spread of primary injuries across the chromosome.

Does repair or stage sensitivity determine the shape of time-effect curves in radiation mutagenesis?

Seedlings of Crepis capillaris were irradiated after pulse-labelling with tritiated thymidine ([3-H]TdR), and both chromosomal aberrations and presence of silver grains were recorded in the same metaphase cells at various intervals throughout the whole mitotic cycle. The following results were obtained: (a) irradiated roots were homogeneous with respect to the number of aberrations, and heterogenous with respect to labelling index (LI); (b) time--effect curves for labelled (L) and unlabelled (U) cells showed no significant difference from one another; (c) no significant quantitative difference of aberration spectra produced in S and G2 stages was found. These results support the view that the major factor which determines both quantitative and qualitative variation in the production of chromosomal aberrations by radiation is the time lapse between irradiation and fixation rather than relation of the time of irradiation to the time of DNA synthesis. In addition, it was found that labelling with [3-H]TdR modifies the effect of radiation on chromosomes.